Ownership

Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) includes TV and radio, broadcasting which is intended for the public. Unlike commercial broadcasting, the PSB broadcasts for the audience. Channels which are run by public service broadcasting are often funded by licence fees, for example the BBC. Licence fees came about by Lord John Reith. The BBC was formed from managers of radio equipment manufacturers in 1922. As the BBC did not want to be funded by the government, they set up licence fees. Lord Reith's now famous memo formed the base of the Public Service Broadcasting for 30 years. Some things included in Lord Reith's memo are:

• Educate, inform and entertain. 
• Lead public taste, not pander to it.
• Remain free from commercial and government pressures. 

Commercial Broadcasting in the UK began in 1954. Here the audience is a product to be sold. Commercial broadcasting is not funded by licence fees, but by companies buying spaces in between programmes. The price of the spaces depends on the programme and the time. It is more expensive during peak times (evening) when most people are likely to be watching. Some examples of commercial broadcasting channels are ITV, Sky and Channel 4. Another way commercial broadcasting gets money is by subscriptions. This way the audience pays to view the channels. The providers are looking for bigger audiences.

Corporate Ownership 
Big companies set up with a charter, like the BBC.

Private Ownership is a company not owned by government or public, for example CocaCola and ITV.

Global Companies
Global Companies are media industries characterized by concentration of ownership. All these companies own many assets and are known more for their assets than their name itself. The 'big six' companies are:

• Viacom 
• News Corporation
• TimeWarner
• The Walt Disney Company
• Sony
• General Electric 

Viacom own assets such as Paramount Pictures, MTV and Comedy Central.
News Corporation own a massive amount of assets including 20th Century, Fox 21, ITV. They also own many global newspapers like The New York Post and The Sun.
TimeWarner own assets like CNN, New Line Cinema and People magazine.
The Walt Disney Company is extremely well known and they own assets such as Walt Disney Motion Pictures, Walt Disney Animation Studios and Disney Channel.
Sony own assets such as Sony Pictures, Playstation and Blu-ray disc.
General Electric is the biggest global company. They own assets like NBC, Universal Studios and Bravo.

Vertical Integration is owning businesses in all three sectors. This way you can get the most money. For example, if  TimeWarner owned New Line then owned the cinema, this would be called vertical integration. The producers make a film then sell it to the distributors who then sell it to the cinemas.

Producers -> Distributors -> Exhibitors.

Horizontal Integration is buying companies in the same sector of an industry in order to increase your market share in that sector. An example of horizontal integration is if Time Warner purchased Sony. Having full horizontal integration is illegal because the government feel it gives the company too much control, this is also called Monopoly.

Monopoly is the total ownership of a sector in the industry. For example, Rupert Murdoch owns many newspapers, but if he owns all of them, it is illegal. Therefore they try to knock out other papers. The company can do this by making their newspaper much cheaper than the others, which could be a loss to the company.

Methods of Funding for film and TV
Licence Fees - when the viewer pays to view the channel e.g. the BBC is funded by licence fees.
One Off Purchases - buying a DVD or going to the cinema.
Subscription Funding - Paying for a pack of channels on a regular basis for example Sky and Virgin Media.
Pay Per View- When you pay to watch a a specific programme like on Sky Box Office, Movie Channel.
Sponsorship Deals - When a company sponsors a programme for example Cadbury's sponsor Coronation Street.
Advertising
Product Placement - When the company pays for their product to be shown in the film, programme etc. for example in the Bond Film, he drives a BMW.
Private Capital - is when an individual invests, like Megan Ellison who is the daughter of a billionaire.
Finical Aid and Development Funds - The Lottery.